1. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

This part on “Operating Procedure Guidelines and Standards for Monitoring” includes :

· Procedures for warning

· Operating Procedures for evacuation

· Comprehensive Operating Procedure Guidelines for the Departments

. relief and recovery

. the standards of services

• Checklists for monitoring.

· Monitoring relief and rehabilitation

. standard arrangements for transit camps

. relief camps

. cattle camps

. feeding centres

. standards of service.

2. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR WARNING

Definition: Alert/ warning indicates the onset of a disaster for which a warning system is essential. This system may range from alarms (e.g., for fires), sirens (e.g., for industrial accidents) to public announcements through radio, television etc. (e.g., for cyclones, floods) and other traditional modes of communication (e.g. beating of drums, ringing of bells, hoisting of flags).

[In most disaster situations, experience has shown that loss of life and property could be significantly reduced due to preparedness measures and appropriate warning systems. The importance of warning systems therefore hardly needs any emphasis. However, not in all cases, the opportunity for warning exists. Indiscriminate warnings may result in non-responsiveness of the people. It is therefore necessary that with respect to every disaster a responsible officer is designated to issue the warnings].

2.1 Agencies authorised to issue warning

The district administration is the prime agency responsible for issuing the disaster warning.

Additionally the technical agencies authorised to issue warning are mentioned below.

Disaster                           Agencies

Earthquakes                  IMD, MERI, NGRI, GSI

Floods                            IMD, Irrigation Department

Cyclones                        IMD

Epidemics                     Public Health Department

Road Accidents            Police

Industrial and
Chemical Accidents    Industry, MARG, Police, BARC

Fires                              Fire Brigade, Police


2.2 Important Elements of Warning

The following aspects may be considered for dissemination of warning :

· All warning systems and technologies are maintained in working condition and checked regularly

· Communities in disaster prone areas are made aware of the warning systems.

· Alternate warning systems must be kept in readiness in case of technical failure (e.g., power failure)

· Only the designated agencies/officers will issue the warning.

· All available warning systems should be used

[each warning system has a limited reach and multiple warning systems will help in reinforcement]

· The warning should, to the extent possible, be clear about the severity, the time frame, area that may be affected.

· Warning statements should be conveyed in a simple, direct and non-technical language, and incorporate day-to-day usage patterns.

· The do’s and don’ts should be clearly communicated to the community to ensure appropriate responses.

· Warning statements should not evoke curiosity or panic behaviour. This should be in a professional language devoid of emotions.

· Rumour control mechanisms should be activated.

· All relevant agencies and organisations should be alerted.

· Wherever possible, assistance of community leaders and organised groups should be sought in explaining the threat.

· Once a warning is issued, it should be followed-up by subsequent warnings in order to keep the people informed of the latest situations.

· In the event of the disaster threat tiding away, an all clear signal must be given.

3. OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR EVACUATION

It is important to understand the nature of threat and the procedures to be adopted

All agencies involved in evacuation must have a common understanding of their roles and responsibilities in order to avoid confusion an panic behaviour.

Different situations demand different priorities and hence the responsibility for ordering evacuation is assigned to different agencies.

All evacuations will be ordered only by the Collector, Police, Fire Brigade or by the Industries Security Officer.

For appropriate security and law and order evacuation should be undertaken with assistance from community leaders.

All evacuations should be reported to Collector or District Superintendent of Police immediately.

3.1 Factors to be considered for Evacuation

3.1.1 Planning Assumptions

· Amount of time needed for evacuation will depend on the disaster.

· If the event can be monitored, like a cyclone, the GOM could have a day or two to get ready.

· In other disasters, it is mostly emergency evacuation of people .

3.1.2 Factors

· Shelter sites should be within one hour's walk and three miles (5 km) of dwellings.

· The evacuation routes should be away from the coast or flood-prone areas.

· Evacuation routes should not include roads likely to be submerged in flood, but may include pathways.

· Ensure proper evacuation by seeking community participation along the following lines:

.; Evacuation should be undertaken with assistance from community leaders and community based organisations (CBOs) for appropriate security and law and order

.; Care should be taken to see that evacuation routes are not blocked.

.; It is always preferable to encourage the entire family to evacuate together as a unit.

.; In case of inadequate transport or limited time, encourage community for emergency evacuation in the following order :

¨ seriously injured and sick
¨ children, women and handicapped
¨ Old
¨ Able-bodied.

[An evacuation plan on a priority basis helps avoid stampede and confusion.]

3.2 Emergency Evacuations

· Families should be encouraged to take along adequate supplies of water, food, clothing and emergency supplies.

· The families should be encouraged to assemble the following disaster supplies kit.

. Adequate supply of water in closed unbreakable containers
. Adequate supply of non-perishable packaged food and dry rations
. A change of clothing and rain gear
. Blankets and bedsheets, towels
. Buckets, plates, glasses, mugs made of plastic
. Soap, toothbrushes, toothpaste
. A battery-powered radio, torch, lantern, matches
. Cash and jewellery
. Personal medicines
. A list of important family documents including ration card, passport, bank passbook address/telephone book (of relatives), certificates, driving licence, property documents, insurance documents etc.
.; Special items including foods, for infants, elderly or disabled family members.

· Encourage people to keep fuel in their cars as petrol pumps may be closed during emergencies.

· Ask people to shut off electricity, gas and water at main switches and valves before leaving.

· Ask people to listen to a battery-powered radio and follow local instructions.

· If the danger is a chemical release, then people should be instructed to evacuate immediately.

· In other cases, advise people to follow these steps:

.Wear protective clothing
. Secure their homes. Close and lock doors and windows.
. Turn off the main water valve and electricity
. Leave early enough to avoid being trapped.
. Follow recommended evacuation routes. Shortcuts may be blocked.
. Not to move or drive into flooded areas.
. Stay away from downed power lines.
. Animals may not be allowed in public shelters.
. Community should set the livestock free
. If possible, the community may be advised to carry the livestock along
[ if the evacuation does not involve transportation by vehicles].

3.3 Evacuation of Marooned Persons

In the case of marooned persons, if necessary

· evacuation must be carried out within the shortest possible time

· the marooned persons must be transferred to transit camps.

· Within the shortest possible time (3 hours of the disaster), marooned people must be provided with

. water
. medicines
. first-aid
. cooked food.

[This can continue for 48 hours after the disaster].

· Emergency transport for the seriously injured by

. speed boats

· A senior medical officer should accompany the rescue team along with required medical kit and ensure priority for shifting of those seriously injured or requiring immediate medical attention.

· Water supplied must be in accordance with acceptable standards of potable water. It is the responsibility of medical officer to check the water quality..

· The procedures for tagging as given in the standards should be followed.
[Tagging is a process of prioritising transfer of injured based on first hand assessment of chance of survival by the medical officer on the disaster site. The identification of patients is done by attaching a tag to each patient, usually color coded to indicate a given degree of injury and the priority for evacuation].

· For food supplies, the standards as given in the “Standards for Food” should be followed.

4. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FOR DEPARTMENTS

4.1 Planning Assumptions

The standards of services have been adopted from internationally accepted norms and have been at times modified to suit local conditions. Although it is difficult to maintain efficient service standards in a disaster, which presents a fluid and confused situation, all efforts should be made to reach as close to these norms as possible. Some of the standards make a lasting impact on the communities whereas others have an immediate impact in the field situation, e.g., lack of adequate space per person in relief camps can lead to mental health issues and the absence of adequate sanitation facilities can lead to epidemics.

The operating procedures developed for each department refer to standards of services to be delivered and the appropriate checklists for field monitoring. Hence, the standards and checklists go hand in hand with the operating procedures for every department.

These departments include MSEB, police, public health, irrigation, agriculture, animal husbandry, MWSSB, PWD, MTNL, railways, and airport authority.

5. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR POLICE

5.1 Planning Assumptions

· For effective preparedness, the police department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined, in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Police” and “Officer-in-charge - Police” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

5.2 Normal Time Activity

· Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to District Control Room every six months

· Maintain a list of disaster prone areas in the district

· Organise training on hazardous chemicals for police officers to facilitate handling of road accidents involving hazardous materials

· Designate an area, within police station to be used as public information centre

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Maintain Law and Order

5.3 Activities On Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for disaster management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager/District Magistrate.

· Establish radio communications (and assist in precautionary evacuation activities) with

. Emergency operations centre
. Divisional commissioner
. district control room and
. departmental offices within the division.

· All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the Collector.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - Police” at the state level

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge - Police” at the district level

· The District Collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Police” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and needed materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge - Police” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by District Collector

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Provide guards as needed for supply depots such as cooperative food stores and distribution centres.

· Provide convoys for relief materials.

· Identify anti-social elements and take necessary precautionary measures for confidence building.

5.3.1 Evacuation

All evacuations will be ordered only by the Collector, Police, Fire Brigade or by the Industries Security Officer.

For appropriate security and law and order evacuation should be undertaken with assistance from community leaders.

All evacuations should be reported to Collector or District Superintendent of Police immediately.

For evacuation follow the evacuation procedures as outlines in operating procedures for evacuation.

5.3.2 Relief and Rehabilitation

· Immediately after the disaster, dispatch officers to systematically identify and assist people and communities in life-threatening situations.

· Help identify the seriously injured people, and assist the community in organising emergency transport of seriously injured to medical treatment centres.

· Ensure that the police stations are functioning immediately after the disaster at all required locations, as may be requested by the district control room, and that staff are available for the variety of needs that will be presented.

· Assist and encourage the community in road-clearing operations.

· Identify roads to be made one-way, to be blocked, alternate routes, overall traffic management and patrolling on all highways, and other access roads to disaster site.

· Provide security in transit and relief camps, affected villages, hospitals and medical centres and identify areas to be cordoned off.

· Transport carrying transit passengers (that is, passengers traveling through trains or buses and passing through the district), should be diverted away from the disaster area.

· Provide security arrangements for visiting VVIPs and VIPs.

· Assist district authorities to take necessary action against hoarders, black marketers and those found manipulating relief material.


· In conjunction with other government offices, activate a public information centre to:

. respond to personal inquiries about the safety of relatives in the affected areas
. compile statistics about affected communities, deaths, complaints and needs
. respond to the many specific needs that will be presented
. serve as a rumor control centre
. Reassure the public.

· Make officers available to inquire into and record deaths, as there is not likely to be time nor personnel available, to carry out standard postmortem procedures.

· Monitor the needs and welfare of people sheltered in relief camps.

· Coordinate with military service personnel in the area.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to police.


5.3.3 Preparedness Checklist for Police

(to be filled in by the Department Head and submitted to the District Collector before May every year.)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

5.3.4 Checklist for Police
(to be filled in by “Officer-in-Charge” and submitted to district control room and the department head.)

Inspected By :
Designation:
Signature :
Date:

6. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT

6.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Ensure that every hospital follows “The Guide to Health Management in Disasters”. The plan should be specifically developed for the facilities, equipment and staff of that particular hospital.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures, accompanied by simulated exercises, will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during disaster situations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Coordinate training for treatment of people affected due to hazardous spills. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Health Services” and “Officer-in-charge - Health Services” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

· Ensure that standby generator exists for every hospital.

· Insure that least one kerosene-powered refrigeration unit exists for vaccines.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Providing efficient and quick treatment

· Preventing outbreak of epidemics.

6.2 Normal Time Activity

· Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to district control room every six months.

· Ensure that hospital staff are aware of which hospital rooms/ buildings are damage- proof.

· In the case of hospitals located in proximity to industrial areas obtain chemical data sheets from various industries.

6.3 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for disaster management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with emergency operations centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and hospitals (including private) within the division.

· Ensure thatl personnel working within the district come under the direction and control of the collector/civil Surgeon.

· Appoint one person as “NODAL-OFFICER – Health Services” at the state level.

· The civil surgeon will act as “Officer-in-Charge - Health Services” at the district level.

· All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the Collector.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Health Services” or the field staff as the need be, with all relevant authorisations with respect to

.; Recruiting casual labourers.
.; Procuring locally require emergency tools, equipments and materials.
.; Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -Health Services” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by the collector.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff, the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Stock emergency medical equipment which may be required after a disaster.

· Determine type of injuries/ illnesses expected and drugs and other medical items required, and accordingly ensure that extra supplies of medical items be obtained quickly.

· Provide information to all hospital staff about the disasters, likely damages and effects, and information about ways to protect life, equipment and property.

· Discharge all ambulatory patients whose release does not pose a health risk to them. If possible, they should be transported to their home areas.

· Non-ambulatory patients should be relocated to the safest areas within the hospital. The safest rooms are likely to be:

. On ground floor
. Rooms in the centre of the building away from windows
. Rooms with concrete ceilings.

· Equipment supplies such as candles, matches, lanterns and extra clothing should be provided for the comfort of the patients.

· Surgical packs should be assembled and sterilised.

· A large enough number should be sterilised to last four to five days.

· The sterilised surgical packs must be stored in protective cabinets to ensure that they do not get wet. Covering the stock with polythene is recommended as an added safety measure.

· All valuable instruments, such as surgical tools, opthalmoscopes, portable sterilisers, CGS, dental equipments, etc., should be packed in protective coverings and stored rooms considered to be the most damage-proof.

· Protect all immovable equipment, such as x-ray machines, by covering them with tarpaulins or polythene.

· All electrical equipments should be unplugged when disaster warning is received.

· Check the emergency electrical generator to ensure that it is operational and that a buffer stock of fuel exists. If an emergency generator is not available at the hospital, arrange for one on loan.

· All fracture equipment should be readied.

· If surgery is to be performed following the disaster, arrange for emergency supplies of anesthetic gases (usually supplied on a daily basis).

· Check stocks of equipments and drugs which are likely to be most needed after the disaster. These can be categorised generally as:

. Drugs used in treatment of cuts and fractures, such as tetanus toxoid, analgesics and antibiotics .
. Drugs used for the treatment of diarrhoea, water-borne diseases and flu (including oral rehydrating supplies).
. Drugs required to treat burns and fight infections.
. Drugs needed for detoxication including breathing equipments.

· Assess the level of medical supplies in stock, including:

. Fissure materials
. Surgical dressings
. Splints
. Plaster rolls
. Disposable needles and syringes
. Local antiseptics.

· Request central warehouse immediate despatch of supplies likely to be needed, to hospitals, on an emergency priority basis.

· Fill hospital water storage tanks and encourage water savings. If no storage tanks exist, water for drinking should be drawn in clean containers and protected.

· Prepare an area of the hospital for receiving large number of casualties.

· Develop emergency admission procedures (with adequate record keeping) .

· Orient field staff with DDMAP, standards of services, procedures including tagging.

· Hospital administrators should

. Establish work schedules to ensure that adequate staff are available for in-patient needs.
. Organise in-house emergency medical teams to ensure that adequate staff are available at all times to handle emergency casualties.
. Set up teams of doctors, nurses and dressers for visiting disaster sites.


6.3.1 Evacuation

All evacuations will be ordered only by the Collector, Police, Fire Brigade, Health Department or by the Industries Security Officer.

For appropriate security and law and order evacuation should be undertaken with assistance from community leaders.

All evacuations should be reported to Collector or District Superintendent of Police immediately.

For evacuation follow the evacuation procedures as outlined in “Operating Procedures for Evacuation” and “Areas for Community Participation - Evacuation”

For Marooned Persons

A senior medical officer will ensure that water supplied is in accordance with acceptable standards of potable water and is packed under appropriate conditions and containers.

A senior medical officer should accompany the rescue team along with required medical kit and ensure priority for shifting of those seriously injured or requiring immediate medical attention (the procedure for tagging as given in the Annexure should be followed).

6.3.2 Relief and Rehabilitation

Field Office Priorities

· Transport should be arranged for the transfer of seriously injured patients from villages and peripheral hospitals to general hospitals. If roads are blocked, a method should be established to request helicopter transport.

· Establish health facility and treatment centres at disaster sites.

· The provision of medical services should be coordinated by the district civil surgeon with district control room and SOCs.

· Procedures should be clarified between

. Peripheral hospitals
. Private hospitals
. Blood banks
. General hospitals and
. Health services established at transit camps, relief camps and affected villages.

· Maintain checkposts and surveillance at each railway junction, ST depots and all entry and exit points from the affected area, especially during the threat or existence of an epidemic.

· An injury and disease monitoring system should be developed to ensure that a full picture of health risks is maintained. Monitoring should be carried out for epidemics, water and food quality and disposal of waste in transit and relief camps, feeding centres and affected villages.

· Plan for emergency accommodations for auxiliary staff from outside the area.

· Information formats and monitoring checklists should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to Emergency Operations Centre. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.

· Seek security arrangements from district police authorities to keep curious persons from entering hospital area and to protect staff from hostile actions.

· Establishment of a public information center with a means of communication to assist in providing an organized source of information. The hospital is responsible for keeping the community informed of its potential and limitations in disaster situations.

· The local police, rescue groups, and ambulance teams should be aware of the resources of each hospital.

Head Office Priorities

On the recommendations of the EOC (“NODAL OFFICER-Health Services”)/ collector/ district control room/ the Public Health Department will

· Send required medicines, vaccines, drugs, plasters, syringes, etc.

· Arrange for additional blood supply.

· Provide for sending additional medical personnel equipped with food, bedding, tents.

· Send vehicles and any additional medical equipments.


The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to Public Health Department.



6.4 Standards of Service

6.4.1 Tagging

Tagging is a process of prioritising transfer of injured, based on first hand assessment of the medical officer on the disaster site. It is based on the medical criterion of chance of survival . Decision is made regarding cases which can wait for treatment, these which should be taken to more appropriate medical units, and these which have no chances of surviving. The grouping is based on the benefit that the casualties can expect to derive from medical care, not on the seriousness of the injuries.

Whenever possible, the identification of patients should be accomplished concurrently with triage. This is done by attaching a tag to each patient, usually color-coded to indicate a given degree of injury and the priority for evacuation.

· Red Tag

This tag signifies that the patient has a first priority for evacuation. Red-tagged patients need immediate care and fall into one of the following categories:

1 ) Breathing problems that cannot be treated at the site.
2) Cardiac arrest (witnessed).
3) Appreciable loss of blood (more than a liter).
4) Loss of consciousness.
5) Thoracic perforations or deep abdominal injuries.
6) Certain serious fractures:
     a) Pelvis
     b) Thorax
     c) Fractures of cervical vertebrae
     d) Fractures or dislocations in which no pulse can be detected below the site of the fracture or dislocation
     e) Severe concussion
     f) Burns (complicated by injury to the air passages).

· Green Tag

Identifies these patients who receive second priority for evacuation. Such patients need care, but the injuries are not life-threatening. They fall into the following categories:

1 Second-degree burns covering more than 30 per cent of the body.
2 Third-degree burns covering 10 per cent of the body.
3 Burns complicated by major lesions to soft tissue or minor fractures.
4 Third-degree burns involving such critical areas as hands, feet, or face but with no breathing problems present.
5 Moderate loss of blood (500-1,000 cc)
6 Dorsal lesions, with or without injury to the spinal column.
7 Conscious patients with significant craniocerebral damage (serious enough to cause a subdural hematoma or    mental confusion). Such patients will show one of the following signs:

  a) Secretion of spinal fluid through ear or nose
  b) Rapid increase in systolic pressure
  c) Projectile vomiting
  d) Changes in respiratory frequency
  c) Pulse below 60 ppm
  f) Swelling or bruising beneath the eyes
  g) Anisocoric pupils
  h) Collapse
  i) Weak or no motor response
  j) Weak reaction to sensory stimulation (profound stupor).

· Yellow Tag

Used on patients who are given third priority for evacuation and who fall into the following categories:

Minor Lesions

1) Minor fractures (fingers, teeth, etc.).
2) Other minor lesions, abrasions, contusions.
3) Minor burns:
  a) Second-degree burns covering less than 15 per cent of the body
  b) Third-degree burns covering less than 2 per cent of the body surface
  c) First-degree burns covering less than 20 per cent of the body, excluding hands, feet, and face.

Fatal Injuries

1. Second and third-degree with burns over more than 40 per cent of the body, with death seeming reasonably certain.

2. Second- and third-degree burns over more than 40 per cent of the body, with other major lesions, as well as major fractures, major craniocerebral lesions, thoracic lesions, etc.

3. Cranial lesions with brain tissue exposed and the patient unconscious.

4. Craniocerebral lesions where the patient is unconscious and has major fractures.

5. Lesions of the spinal column with absence of sensitivity and movement.

6. Patient over 60 years old with major lesions.

[It should be noted that the line separating these patients from red-tag casualties is very tenuous. If there are any red-tag patients, this system will have to be followed. If there are none, the yellow-tag patients with apparently fatal injuries become red-tag candidates. The reason is simple: if there are many red-tag patients with a chance to survive and there are yellow-tag patients who. apparently cannot be saved because of their injuries, the time spent on the dying wounded could be better spent on the patients with a chance to survive].

· Black Tag

Black tags are placed on the dead, i.e., casualties without a pulse or respiration who have remained in that condition for over 20 minutes, or whose injuries render resuscitation procedures impossible.

Evacuation Procedures under the Following Conditions

1 ) Casualties not trapped or buried. Evacuate in the following order:

  a) Red-tag casualties
  b) Green-tag casualties
  c) Yellow-tag casualties

2) Casualties trapped or buried. Evacuate in the following order:

  a) Red-tag casualties
  b) Green-tag casualties
  c) Yellow-tag casualties
  d) Black-tag casualties not trapped or buried
  e) Trapped black-tag casualtie..

6.4.2 Vector Control Standards

Vector control programmes should be planned so as to cope with two distinct situations:

· The initial phase immediately following the disaster, when control work should concentrate on the destruction, by a physical or chemical process, of vermin on persons, their clothing, bedding, and other belongings, and on domestic animals. An emergency sanitation team should be available from the beginning for carrying out this disinfestation.

· The period after the disaster subsided, control work should be directed towards proper food, sanitation, safe disposal of wastes, including drainage, and general and personal cleanliness.

Suggested Vector Surveillance Equipment and Supplies

· Collecting bag
· Collecting forms
· Mouth or battery powered aspirators
· Tea strainer
· Flashlight and spare batteries
· Grease pencil
· Memo pad
· Sweep net
· Pencil
· Tweezers
· White enameled dipper
· Keys and other references
· Labels
· CDC light traps (optional)
· Collecting vials
· Aedes aegypti ovitraps (optional)
· Bulb syringe or medicine dropper
· Fly grill
· Mirror

Suggested Rodent Surveillance Equipment and Supplies

· Teaching aids
· Transfer bags
· Plastic bags
· Vials
· Plastic cups
· Alcohol
· Rubber bands
· Forceps
· Scissors
· Insecticide dusting pan
· Snap Traps
· Formaldehyde
· Live traps
· Acute rodenticides
· Gloves
· Anticoagulant rodenticides
· Flashlights and batteries.

6.4.3 Materials and Equipment

In the absence of clear indication from the field, a minimum kit comprising of the following materials and equipments should be carried by the advance party to the disaster site

1) Equipment for pediatric intravenous use :- 36
2) Tensiometers for children and adults :- 12
3) Assorted ferrules :- 2 boxes
4) Tracheal cannulae :- 36
5) Set of laryngoscopes for infants, children, and adults 1 each
6) Endotracheal tubes, No. 7 Murphy :- 36
7) Endotracheal tubes, No. 8 :- 36
8) Nasogastric probes :- 36
9) Oxygen masks, for adults and children :- 2 boxes
10) Large scissors for cutting bandages :- 3
11) Plastic linings :- 60
12) Phonendoscopes :- 15


Sterilization Unit Supplies

1) Tracheotomy set :- 6
2) Thorachotomy set :- 6
3) Venous dissection set :- 6
4) Set for small sutures :- 12
5) Bottles for drainage of thorax :-10
6) Hand scissors, No. 4 :- 6
7) Syringes (disposable) x 2 cc :- 60
8) Syringes (disposable) x 10 cc :- 90
9) Syringes (disposable) x 50 cc :- 60

Ambulance Fleet

The ambulances will carry the following equipment:

1) Oxygen, oxygen mask, and manometer.
2) Stretchers and blankets.
3) Emergency first aid kit.
4) Suction equipment.
5) Supplies for immobilizing fractures.
6) Venoclysis equipment.
7) Drugs for emergency use.
8) Minimal equipment for resuscitation maneuvers.

Each ambulance should be staffed by at least a physician, a nurse, a stretcher-bearer, and a driver. The medical and paramedical personnel should be experienced in procedures for the management of patients in intensive care units.

Equipment and Supplies required for Vermin control for a population of 10,000

Power sprayers :- 2
Hand-pressured sprayers, capacity 20-30 litres :- 50
Dusters (hand-operated, plunger type) :- 50
Dusters, power-operated :- 2
Space sprayer :- 1
Adequate supply of accessories and spare parts for the above equipment
Insecticides:
DDT, technical powder :- 0.5 tons
DDT, 75 % water wettable :- 1-2 tons
DDT, 10 % powder :- 1 ton
Dieldrin, 0.625-1.25 % emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder :- 100 kg
Lindane, 0.5 % emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder :- 100 kg
Chlordane, 2 % emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder :- 100 kg
Malathion, 1 % emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder :- 100 kg
Dichlorvos emulsion :- 100 litres
Rodenticides, anticoagulant type (warfarin, etc.) :- 1-2 kg
Rodent traps :- 100
Screen, for fly control :- 10 rolls
Garbage cans, capacity 50-100 litres :- 300-500


a* Quantity depends on availability and on distribution points

6.4.4 Preparedness Checklist for Public Health Department
(to be filled in by the Civil Surgeon and District Health Officer and submitted to the District Collector before May every year )

Reported By :
Designation:
Signature:
Date:

6.4.5 Checklist for Public Health Department
I. Checklist for Hospitals
(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation :
Signature:
Date

II. Checklist for Field Centres
(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

III. Casualty Treatment Post at camp sites and affected villages

(to be filled in by “OFFICER-IN-CHARGE-Health Services and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date :

IV. Report and Checklist on Epidemics for each camp site and affected village

(to be filled in by “OFFICER-IN-CHARGE-Health Services and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Time : _________________
Name of the village :
Name of the camp :
An epidemic exists at the location :

An active threat of epidemics does not exist at the location:

Brief description of type of epidemic / affected area / location :




Brief description of assessment of risk of epidemics in affected area / location and reasons thereof :





Services/ disciplines mobilised :

Compiled By :
Designation
Signature
Date

V. Checklist for epidemic situations

(to be filled in by “OFFICER-IN-CHARGE-Health Services and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

7. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR MSEB

7.1 Planning Assumption

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This determines the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation” (p. no. ). The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined, in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises, will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Power Supply” and “Officer-in-charge - Power Supply” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

7.2 Normal Time Activity

· Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to District Control Room every six months.

· Establish at each sub-station a disaster management tool kit comprising cable cutters, pulley blocks, jungle knives, axes, crowbars, ropes, hacksaws and spanners. Tents for work crews should also be in storage.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restore the power supply and ensure uninterrupted power to all vital installation, facilities and sites.

7.3 Activities On Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional Commissioner, district control room and your departmental offices within the division.

· All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the collector.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - Power Supply” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge - Power Supply” at the district level.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Assist the state authorities to make arrangements for standby generators in the following public service offices from the time of receipt of alert warning

. Hospitals
. Water department
. Collectorate
. Police stations
. Telecommunications buildings
. Meteorological stations.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· The District Collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Power Supply” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools, equipment and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -Power Supply” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by district collector

· Check emergency tool kits, assembling any additional equipment needed.

· Immediately undertake inspection from the time of receipt of alert warning of

. High tension lines
. Towers
. Substations
. Transformers
. Insulators
. Poles and
. Other equipment.

· Review the total extent of the damage to power supply installations by a reconnaissance flight, if possible.

On the recommendations of the collector/district control room/“ Officer-in-Charge - Power Supply” of the department in the district

· Instruct district staff to disconnect the main electricity supply for the affected area

· Dispatch emergency repair gangs equipped with food, bedding, tents, and tools.

7.3.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

Field office priorities

· Hire casual labourers on an emergency basis for clearing of damaged poles and salvage of conductors and insulators.

· Begin repair/reconstruction.

· Assist hospitals in establishing an emergency supply by assembling generators and other emergency equipments, if necessary.

· Establish temporary electricity supplies for other key public facilities, public water systems, etc.

· Establish temporary electricity supplies for transit camps, feeding centres, relief camps and SOC, district control room and on access roads to the same.

· Establish temporary electricity supplies for relief material godowns.

· Compile an itemised assessment of damage, from reports made by various electrical receiving centres and sub-centres.

· Report all activities to the head office.

· Plan for emergency accommodations for staff from outside the area.

Head office priorities

On the recommendations of the EOC (Nodal Officer-Power Supply)/collector/district control room, at the state level, MSEB will

· Send cables, poles, transformers and other needed equipment

· Send vehicles and any additional tools needed.

· Provide additional support as required.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to MSEB.


7.3.2 Preparedness Checklist for MSEB
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date


7.3.3 Checklist for MSEB
(to be filled in by the “Officer-in-Charge” and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

8. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT

8.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Irrigation” and “Officer-in-charge - Irrigation” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

8.2 Normal Time Activity

· Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to District Control Room every six months.

· Identify flood prone rivers and areas and activate flood monitoring mechanisms in all flood prone areas from 1st of June every year.

· Water level gauges should be marked on rivers, dams and minor tank structures not having level gauges.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Monitor flood situation

· Monitor and protect irrigation infrastructure

· Restore damaged infrastructure

8.3 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, Divisional commissioner, district control room and your departmental offices within the division

· All personnel working within the district come under the direction and control of the collector.

· All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the collector.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - Irrigation” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge - Irrigation” attached to district control room.

· The District Collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Irrigation” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipments and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -Irrigation” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by district collector

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Organise round the clock inspection and repair of
. Bunds of dams
. Irrigation channels
. Bridges
. Oulverts
. Control gates and
. Overflow channels.

· Organise round the clock inspection and repair
. Of pumps
. Generators
. Motor equipments and
. Station buildings.

· The officer responsible for the tanks of an area should also be designated an emergency officer, knowledgeable about disasters, their effects, and understand well the appropriate emergency procedures.

· Officers should ensure that all staff are well aware of precautions to be taken to protect their own lives and personal property.

· Each technical assistant should have instructions and operating procedures for disaster conditions.

· Irrigation engineers should review with technical assistants emergency actions that are required.

· Emergency tool kits should be prepared for all technical assistants in disaster prone areas. These tool kits should include:
. Ropes
. Pulley blocks
. Jungle knives
. Shovels
. Cement in bags
. Concrete pans
. Gunny bags
. Cane baskets.

· The emergency tool kits with each technical assistant should be checked.

· The officers on site should ensure that, the level of impounding in the tanks is reduced to create increased capacity, and coordinate the same with officers on other dam sites and the district control room, if heavy rains are expected. The amount of lowering will depend on the rainfall forecast. In case of possibilities of flooding in the downstream, the settlements should be forewarned, and necessary warnings for evacuation should be given, to the adjoining districts and to those districts beyond the state borders.

· The inlet and outlet to tanks should, be inspected to ensure that waterways are unobstructed by trees or vegetation.

· Any repairs/under construction activity should be well secured with sandbags, rockfalls, etc.

· Materials likely to be damaged by rains, such as concrete in bags, electric motors, office records, etc., should be covered with plastic and well secured, even though stored inside.

8.3.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

Field Office Priorities

· Continue round the clock inspection and repair of bunds of dams, irrigation channels, bridges, culverts, control gates, and overflow channels as may be necessary.

· Continue round the clock inspection and repair of pumps, generators, motor equipment and station buildings.

· The officers on site should continue to ensure that, the level of impounding in the tanks is reduced to create increased capacity, and coordinate the same with officers on other dam sites and the district control room, if heavy rains are expected. The amount of lowering will depend on the rainfall forecast. In case of possibilities of flooding in the downstream, the settlements should be forewarned, and necessary warnings for evacuation should be given to the adjoining districts and to those districts beyond the state borders.

· Clearing the inlet and outlet to tanks to ensure that waterways are unobstructed by trees or vegetation on an on-going basis.

· Information formats and monitoring checklists should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to Emergency Operations Centre. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.

Head Office Priorities

On the recommendations of the EOC (“NODAL OFFICER-Irrigation”)/Collector/district control room, the Irrigation department will:

· Provide for sending additional support along with food, bedding, tents

· Send vehicles and any additional tools and equipments needed.

· Coordinate with other states about release of water and dissemination of warning


The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to the Irrigation Department.

8.3.2 Preparedness Checklist for Irrigation Department
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

8.3.3 Checklist for Irrigation Department

(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

9. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

9.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating Procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during disaster situations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Agriculture” and “Officer-in-charge - Agriculture” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be communicated to the community to prevent extensive loss of crops and plantations.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restore the Agricultural operations (including soil conditions)

· Crop Protection

· Restore agriculture produce market.

9.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish communications with divisional commissioner, district control room and agricultural colleges, seed banks, nurseries (private and public) within the division

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER – Agriculture” at the state level

· The District Agriculture Officer will act as “Officer-in-Charge - Agriculture”

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Agriculture” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge - Agriculture” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by district collector

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Check available stocks of equipments and materials which are likely to be most needed after the disaster.

· Stock agricultural equipments which may be required after a disaster

· Determine what damage, pests or diseases may be expected, and what drugs and other insecticide items will be required, in addition to requirements of setting up extension teams for crop protection, and accordingly ensure that extra supplies and materials, be obtained quickly.

· Provide information to all concerned, about disasters, likely damages to crops and plantations, and information about ways to protect the same.

· All valuable equipments and instruments should be packed in protective coverings and stored in room the most damage-proof

· All electrical equipments should be unplugged when disaster warning is received.

· Extension Officers should be assisted to

. Establish work schedules to ensure that adequate staff are available
. Set up teams of extension personnel and assistants for visiting disaster sites.

9.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

· Assess the extent of damage to soil, crop, plantation, micro-irrigation systems and storage facilities and the requirements to salvage or replantation

· Establish contact with soil and water testing laboratories

· Provision of agricultural services should be coordinated with irrigation department, DRDA district control room, SOCs

· Estimate the requirement of

. Seeds
. Fertilisers
. Pesticides, and
. Labour.

· Organise transport, storage and distribution of the above with adequate record keeping procedures.

· Ensure that adequate conditions through cleaning operations are maintained to avoid water-logging and salinity.

· A pests and disease monitoring system should be developed to ensure that a full picture of risks is maintained.

· Plan for emergency accommodations for agriculture staff from outside the area.

· Information formats and monitoring checklists as given in the section on “Information and Monitoring Tools” should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to district control room. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.


· Establishment of a public information center with a means of communication, to assist in providing an organized source of information. The department is responsible for keeping the community informed of its potential and limitations in disaster situations.

· The NGOs and other relief organisations should be aware of the resources of the department.

· Assist farmers to re-establish their contacts with agriculture produce market and ensure that appropriate prices be offered to them.


The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to the Agriculture Department.

9.2.2 Preparedness Checklist for Agriculture Department
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

9.2.3 Checklist for Agriculture
(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

10. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT

10.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating Procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during disaster situations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Veterinary Services” and “Officer-in-charge - Veterinary Services” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

· Hospital staff be aware of damage - proof hospital rooms/ buildings.

· A standby generator be made available for every hospital.

· At least one kerosene-powered refrigeration unit be made available for storage of drugs.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures, accompanied by simulated exercises, will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during disaster situations need to be imparted, to the officials and the staff.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be communicated to the community to prevent extensive loss of livestock.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Treatment of injured cattle

· Protection and care of abandoned/lost cattle.

10.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with

. Emergency Operations Centre
. Divisional Commissioner
. District control room and
. Veterinary aid centres and hospitals (including private practitioners) within the division.

· Appoint one officer as “Nodal Officer – Veterinary Services” at the state level.

· The District Animal Husbandry Officer will act as “Officer-in-Charge - Veterinary Services”.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Veterinary Services” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools, equipments and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge - Veterinary Services” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by district collector.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipments and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Stock emergency medical equipments which may be required after a disaster.

· Determine what injuries/ illnesses may be expected, and what drugs and other medical items will be required, in addition to requirements of setting up cattle camps, and accordingly ensure that extra supplies of medical items and materials be obtained quickly.

· Provide information to all staff of veterinary hospitals and centres about the disasters, likely damages and effects, and information about ways to protect life, equipment and property.

· Surgical packs should be assembled and sterilised.

· Enough stock of surgical packs should be sterilised to last for four to five days.

· The sterilised surgical packs must be stored in protective cabinets to ensure that they do not get wet. Covering the stock with polythene is recommended as an added safety measure.

· All valuable equipments and instruments should be packed in protective coverings and stored in room the most damage-proof

· All electrical equipments should be unplugged when disaster warning is received

· Check the emergency electrical generator, to ensure that it is operational, and that a buffer stock of fuel exists. If an emergency generator is not available at the hospital, arrange for one on loan.

· Arrange for emergency supplies of anesthetic drugs.

· Check stocks of equipments and drugs which are likely to be most needed after the disaster.

· Request from central warehouses, on an emergency priority basis, that those supplies likely to be needed be dispatched to the hospital immediately.

· Fill hospital water storage tanks and encourage water savings. If no storage tanks exist, water for drinking should be drawn in clean containers and protected.

· Prepare an area of the hospital for receiving large number of livestock.

· Develop emergency admission procedures (with adequate record keeping) .

· Cattle camps and hospital administrators should

. Establish work schedules to ensure that adequate staff are available
. Set up teams of veterinary doctors, and assistants for visiting disaster sites.


10.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

· Organise transfer of seriously injured livestock from villages to veterinary aid centres wherever possible.

· The provision of medical services should be coordinated by the District Animal Husbandry Officer with district control room, SOCs and cattle camps.

· Establish cattle camps and additional veterinary aid centres at disaster sites and designate an Officer In-charge for the camp.

· Estimate the requirement of water, fodder and animal feed, for cattle camps and organise the same.

· Ensure that adequate sanitary conditions through cleaning operations are maintained in order to avoid outbreak of any epidemic.

· An injury and disease monitoring system should be developed, to ensure that a full picture of risks is maintained.

· Plan for emergency accommodations for veterinary staff from outside the area.

· Information formats and monitoring checklists as given in Annexure should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to Emergency Operations Centre. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.

· Establishment of a public information center with a means of communication, to assist in providing an organized source of information. The hospital is responsible for keeping the community informed of its potential and limitations, in disaster situations.

· The local police, and rescue groups should be aware of the resources of each veterinary aid centres and hospital.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to Animal Husbandry Department.

10.3 Standards for Cattle Camps

1. The minimum number of cattle in the cattle camp should be about 100 and the maximum 500.

2. The cattle camps should be located at suitable sites, bearing in mind, that adequate supply of water and shade are most essential for the well being of the cattle.

3. Cattle sheds constructed should not exceed 20 sq.feet per animal. Suitable arrangements for water trough and manger(s) should be made.

4. The feeding centres for cattle should be located in such a manner that

. There is adequate supply of drinking water
. There is sufficient shade for cattle to rest during the afternoon
. They are located as near the rail head as possible
. They are conveniently located, not beyond a radius of 8 Km from the affected villages.

The cattle will require 6 Kg per cattle head per day of fodder, and 1 to 1 ½ Kg per cattle head per day, of concentrate like Bago molasses.

Each cattle camp will have a minimum of one camp manager, two labourers and two sweepers.

10.3.1 Preparedness Checklist for Animal Husbandry Department
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

10.3.2 Checklist for Field Activities of Animal Husbandry Department
(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

11. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR MWSSB

11.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating Procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - Water Supply” and “Officer-in-charge - Water Supply” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restoration of water supply to the affected area.

11.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and your departmental and field offices within the division.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - Water Supply” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge - Water Supply” at the district level.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Water Supply” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

.; Recruiting casual labourers.
.; Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and materials.
.; Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge - Water Supply” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by district collector.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Make sure the hospital storage tank is full and the hospital is conserving water.

· Inform people to store an emergency supply of drinking water.

· Organise on the receipt of disaster warning continuous monitoring of

. Wells
. Intake structures
. Pumping stations
. Buildings above ground
. Pumping mains and
. The treatment plant.

· Standby diesel pumps or generators should be installed in damage-proof buildings.

· A standby water supply should be available in the event of damage, saline intrusion or other pollution of the regular supply.

· Establish procedures for the emergency distribution of water if existing supply is disrupted.

· Make provisions to acquire tankers and establish other temporary means of distributing water on an emergency basis.

· Make provisions to acquire containers and storage tanks, required for storing water on an emergency basis.

· Prepare plans for water distribution to all transit and relief camps, affected villages and cattle camps and ensure proper execution of these plans.

· A minimum level of stock should be maintained for emergencies, and should include extra lengths of pipe, connections, joints, hydrants and bleaching powder. Adequate tools should be on hand to carry out emergency repairs.

· Cover pumps and motors with adequate protection (if the building is not disaster-proof) to prevent damage.

· Make sure auxiliary generators and standby engines are in good working order.

· Acquire a buffer stock of fuel for the motors and store in a protected place.

· Establish emergency work gangs for immediate post-disaster repairs.

11.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

Field Office Priorities

· Carry out emergency repairs of all damages to water supply systems.

· Assist health authorities to identify appropriate sources of potable water.

· Identify unacceptable water sources and take necessary precautions to ensure that no water is accessed from such sources, either by sealing such arrangements or by posting the department guards.

· Arrange for alternate water supply and storage in all transit camps, feeding centres, relief camps, cattle camps, and also the affected areas, till normal water supply is restored.

· Ensure that potable water supply is restored as per the standards and procedures laid down in “Standards for Potable Water”.

· Plan for emergency accommodations for staff from outside the area.

· Report all activities to the head office.


Head Office Priorities

On the recommendations of the EOC (“NODAL OFFICER-Water Supply”)/collector/ district control room/of the department in the district

· Provide for sending additional support along with food, bedding, tents

· Send vehicles and any additional tools and equipments needed.


The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to MWSSB.


11.3 Standards of Service

11.3.1 Water Supply

Investigation of source

Piped Water

· After any repair on the distribution system, the repaired main should be flushed and disinfected with a chlorine solution of 50 mg/litre for a contact period of 24 hours, after which the main is emptied and flushed again with potable water.

· If the demand for water is urgent, or the repaired main cannot be isolated, the concentration of the disinfecting solution may be increased to 100 mg/litre and the contact period reduced to 1 hour.

· At the end of disinfection operations, but before the main is put back into service, samples should be taken for bacteriological analysis and determination of chlorine residue.

· When a water treatment plant, pumping station, or distribution system is so badly damaged that operation cannot be restored for some time, other methods described in the following paragraphs must be used.

Private systems (open well or tube)

· Water from these sources, with adequate chlorination as necessary, can be connected to a distribution system or hauled to the points of consumption.

Springs and wells (non-private)

· Ground water originating from deep aquifers (such as is obtained from deep wells and certain springs) will be free from contamination if certain simple protective measures are taken.

· When springs are used as a source of water supply for a disaster area, careful attention must be paid to geological formations. Limestone and certain rocks are liable to have holes and cracks, especially after an earthquake, that may lead to the contamination of ground water.

· A sanitary survey of the area surrounding a well site or spring is of utmost importance. This survey, which should be carried out by a qualified professional environmental health worker, should provide information on sources of contamination, geological structures (with particular reference to overlying soil and rock formations), quality and quantity of ground water, direction of flow, etc.


· The well selected as a source of water, should be at least 30 m away from any potential source of contamination, and should be located higher than all such sources. The upper portion of the well must be protected by an external impervious casing, extending at least 3 m below and 30 cm above ground level. The casing should be surrounded by a concrete platform at least 1 m wide, that slopes, to allow drainage away from the well; it should connect to a drain that will carry the spilled water away. The opening for drop pipes should be sealed to prevent outside water from entering the well. The rim of manholes should project at least 8 cm above the surrounding surface, and the manhole cover must overlap this rim.

· Immediately after construction or repair, the well should be disinfected. First the casing or lining should be washed, and scrubbed with strong chlorine solution containing, 100 mg of available chlorine per litre. A stronger solution is then added to produce a concentration of 50-100 mg/litre in the water stored in the well. After adequate agitation, the well water is left to stand for at least 12 hours, then pumped out. The well is then allowed to refill. When the residual chlorine of the water drops below 1 mg/litre the water may be used.

· Most of what is stated above applies also to the location and protection of springs. The following points may be added:

. The collection installation should be so built as to prevent the entrance of light.
. The overflow should be so located as to prevent the entrance of surface water at times of heavy rainfall.
. The manhole cover and gates should be locked.
. Before using the water, the collection chamber should be disinfected with a chlorine solution.
. An area within a radius of 50 m around the spring should be fenced off to prevent ground surface contamination.

Surface water

· Surface water should be used as a source of water supply only as a last resort.

· Measures should be taken to protect the watershed from pollution by animals and people. As it is usually difficult to enforce control regulations, the point of intake for water supply should be located above any tributary carrying grossly contaminated water. The pump intake should be screened and placed so that it will not take in mud from the stream bed or floating debris. The device can be something extremely simple, such as a perforated drum fixed in the middle of the stream.

Treatment

· Water should be tested for the presence of Escherichia coli and unsafe concentrations of nitrate as soon as possible. Detection of E. coli indicates contamination by human waste and therefore requires immediate protective and corrective measures.

· Monitoring of water quality should be restored or initiated immediately. During the disasters, daily determination of the chlorine residual in public water supplies is sufficient.

Disinfection

· Chlorine and chlorine-liberating compounds are the most common disinfectants. Chlorine compounds for water disinfection are usually available in three forms:

· Chlorinated lime or bleaching powder, which has 25 % by weight of available chlorine when fresh. Its strength should always be checked before use.

· Calcium hypochlorite, a more stable compound, sold under various proprietary names. This compound contains 70 % by weight of available chlorine. If properly stored in tight containers and in a dark cool place, it preserves its chlorine content for a considerable period.

· Sodium hypochlorite, usually sold as a solution of approximately 5 % strength under a variety of proprietary names. Its use in water disinfection is limited to small quantities under special circumstances.

Methods of chlorination

Gas chlorinators

· These machines draw chlorine gas from a cylinder containing liquid chlorine, mix it in water and inject it into the supply pipe. Mobile gas chlorinators are made for field use.

Hypochlorinators

· These are less heavy than gas chlorinators and more adaptable to emergency disinfection. Generally, they use a solution of calcium hypochlorite or chlorinated lime in water and discharge it into a water pipe or reservoir. They can be driven by electric motors or petrol engines and their output can be adjusted.

· Hypochlorinators are small and easy to install. They consist usually of a diaphragm pump and standard accessories, including one or more rubber-lined solution tanks, and a chlorine residual testing set. The usual strength of the solution is 0.1 %, and it seldom rises above 0.5 %.

The Batch Method

· In the absence of chlorinators, water is disinfected by the batch method. This method is more likely to be used in emergencies. It involves applying a predetermined volume of chlorine solution of known strength to a fixed volume of water by means of some gravity arrangement. The strength of the batch solution should not be more than 0.65 % of chlorine by weight, as this is about the limit of solubility of chlorine at ordinary temperatures. For example, 10 g of ordinary bleaching powder (25 % strength) dissolved in 5 litres of water gives a stock solution of 500 mg/litre. For disinfection of drinking water, one volume of the stock solution added to 100 volumes of water gives a concentration of 5 mg/litre. If after 30 minutes contact the chlorine residual is more than 0.5 mg/litre, this dosage could be reduced.

· After the necessary contact period, excess chlorine can be removed to improve the taste by such chemicals as sulpher dioxide, activated carbon, or sodium thiosulphate. The first two are suitable for permanent installations, whereas sodium thiosulphate is more suitable for use in emergency chlorination. One tablet containing 0.5 g of anhydrous sodium thiosulphate will remove 1 mg/litre of chlorine from 500 litres of water.

Continuous Chlorination

· This method, in which porous containers of calcium hypochlorite or bleaching powder are immersed in water, is used mainly for wells and springs but is also applicable to other types of water supply. A free residual chlorine level of 0.7 mg/litre should be maintained in water, treated for emergency distribution. A slight taste and odour of chlorine after half an hour gives an indication that chlorination is adequate. In flooded areas where the water distribution system is still operating, higher chlorine residuals should be maintained. Occasionally, an unpleasant taste develops from the reaction of chlorine with phenolic or other organic compounds. This taste should be accepted, as it is an indication of safe disinfection.


Coagulation-Disinfection

· Removal of the organic matter greatly lessens the amount of chlorine needed for disinfection. There are many factors that govern the coagulation process. These include:

1. Hydrogen-ion concentration. The optimum pH value for coagulation is the value that provides the best floe formation and settling. The pH value of water changes when coagulants are used and has to be adjusted to its optimum value by the addition of alkalis or acids.

2. Mixing. Coagulants must be thoroughly mixed with the water to give satisfactory results. This may be accomplished by (a) pump action, whereby the coagulant solution is added to the suction pipe of the pump and the pump does the mixing; (b) the drip-bottle method, i.e., hanging a drip-bottle over the discharge pipe or hose of raw water that feeds the tank and letting the coagulant solution drip on to the water jet; or (c) dissolution, i.e., allowing the discharge of raw water to splash on to a basket containing solid coagulant.

3. Coagulant dosage. The amount of coagulant and chemicals required to adjust the pH value of water may be calculated when the pH and the type of alkalinity are known. However, optimum dosage for a given water may be determined approximately using the jar test.

Coagulation-Filtration-Disinfection

· In this method filtration is added to the procedures described above. If temporary reservoirs can be arranged, it is preferable to let the water settle before filtering it. In mobile purification units, however, the water is filtered through a pressure filter without settling. They usually have a capacity of 4000-7000 litres per hour, and consist essentially of:
. A centrifugal pump directly coupled to a gasoline engine
. A filter (pressure, rapid sand filter)
. A hypochlorinator
. Cemical solution tanks (one for alum and one for soda ash)
. A chlorine solution tank
. Hose adapters
. Valves (pump suction, inlet, drain, air release, outlet, flow control, etc.) and
. A tool box. Instructions in the manuals supplied with such units must be followed.


Filtration-Disinfection

· In this method water is mixed with diatomaceous earth, then passed through the filter unit in which filtering partitions (septa) are installed. Mobile purification units using this process have been produced with capacities up to 50,000 litres per hour. They consist essentially of:

. A centrifugal pump driven by a rope-started gasoline engine
. A filter (diatomite)
. A hypochlorinator
. A slurry feeder and an air compressor
. A precoat and recirculating tank
. A chlorine solution tank
. Hose adapters
. Valves (pump suction, inlet, drain, outlet, flow control, air release, etc.) and
. A tool box. Instructions in the manuals supplied with such units must be followed.

Physical protection

· In disaster situations, physical protection of water supplies for use, is a major consideration. In addition to such barriers as walls and fences, guards may be necessary to prevent mobs from overrunning and damaging treatment units, pumping stations, tankers, distribution stations, and temporary collection facilities. Intake structures, wells, and springs should also be protected against misuse. The character and extent of such protection will depend on the local situation.


Ice supply

· Required ice should be supplied from a commercial manufacturing plant where it is made from safe water and where sanitary regulations are observed.

· It should be distributed in trucks designed for the purpose, equipped with tools for the safe handling of ice.

· After drinking water is secured within stricken areas, making water available for domestic uses (such as cleaning and washing) should be considered.

11.3.2 Stockpile of Equipment and Supplies

A tentative list of sanitation equipment and supplies required to satisfy the needs of 10,000 people is given below for guidance. The relief body and governmental departments concerned with relief work in each country should make a rational appraisal of their needs. The equipment and supplies may be either stockpiled in one place or distributed to several regions with adequate provision for their immediate transfer from one region to another in the event of disaster.

11.3.3 The Sanitarian's equipment

11.3.4 Preparedness Checklist for MWSSB
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

11.3.5 Checklist for MWSSB
(to be filled in by the OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

12. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR PWD

12.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER - PWD” and “Officer-in-charge - PWD” at the state and district level respectively.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restoration of roads to their normal condition

· Repair/reconstruction of public utilities and buildings.

12.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Within the affected district/taluka, all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and your departmental offices within the division.

· All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the collector.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - PWD” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge – PWD” at the district level.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - PWD” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -PWD” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by District Collector.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -PWD” will be responsible for mobilising staff and volunteers to clear the roads in his section, should a disaster strike.

· The “NODAL OFFICER-PWD” should be familiar with pre-disaster precautions and post-disaster procedures for road clearing and for defining safe evacuation routes where necessary.

· All officers (technical officers) should be notified and should meet the staff to review emergency procedures.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment, and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Vehicles should be inspected, fuel tanks filled and batteries and electrical wiring covered as necessary.
· Extra transport vehicles should be dispatched from headquarters and stationed at safe strategic spots along routes likely to be affected.

· Heavy equipments, such as front-end loaders, should be moved to areas likely to be damaged and secured in a safe place.

· Inspect all roads, road bridges by a bridge engineer, including underwater inspection of foundations and piers. A full check should be made on all concrete and steelworks.

· Inspect all buildings and structures of the state government (including hospital buildings) by a senior engineer and identify structures which are endangered by the impending disaster.

· Emergency tool kits should be assembled for each division, and should include:

1. Crosscut saws
2. Axes
3. Power chain saw with extra fuel, oil
4. Sharpening files
5. Chains and tightening wrenches
6. Pulley block with chain and rope.

· The designation of routes strategic to evacuation and relief should be identified and marked, in close coordination with police and district control room.

· Establish a priority listing of roads which will be opened first. Among the most important are the roads to hospitals and main trunk routes.

· Give priority attention to urgent repair works that need to be undertaken in disaster affected areas.

· Work under construction should be secured with ropes, sandbags, and covered with tarpaulins if necessary.

· Emergency inspection by mechanical engineer of all plant and equipment in the district workshops.

· If people are evacuating an area, the evacuation routes should be checked and people assisted.

· Identify locations for setting up transit and relief camps, feeding centres and quantity of construction materials and inform DCR accordingly.

12.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

· All work teams should be issued two-way communication link.

· Provide a work team carrying emergency tool kits, depending on the nature of the disaster, essential equipments such as

.; Towing vehicles
.; Earth moving equipments
.; Cranes etc.

· Each unit should mobilise a farm tractor with chain, cables and a buffer stock of fuel.

· Adequate road signs should be installed to guide and assist the drivers.

· Begin clearing roads. Assemble casual labourers to work with experienced staff and divide into workgangs.

· Coordinate with Building and Construction Department of Zilla Parishad

· Mobilise community assistance for road clearing by contacting community organisations.

· Undertake cleaning of ditches, grass cutting, burning or removal of debris, and the cutting of dangerous trees along the roadside in the affected area through maintenance engineer’s staff.

· Undertake repair of all paved and unpaved road surfaces including edge metalling, pothole patching and any failure of surface, foundations in the affected areas by maintenance engineer's staff and keep monitoring their conditions.

· Undertake construction of temporary roads to serve as access to temporary transit and relief camps, and medical facilities for disaster victims.

· As per the decisions of the district control room, undertake construction of temporary structures required, for organising relief work and construction of relief camps, feeding centres, medical facilities, cattle camps and SOC/s.

· An up-to-date report of all damage and repairs should be kept in the district office report book and communicate the same to the district control room.

· If possible, a review of the extent of damage (by helicopter) should be arranged for the field Officer-in-Charge, in order to dispatch most efficiently road clearing crews, and determine the equipments needed.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to PWD.

12.3 Standards for Relief Camps

12.3.1 Tent Camps

· The layout of the site should meet the following specifications:

1. 3-4 hectares of land/1000 persons
2. Roads of 10 meters width
3. Minimum distance between edge of roads and tents of 2 mtrs
4. Minimum distance between tents of 8 meters
5. Minimum floor area/tent of 3 square meters per person.

· Water distribution in camp sites should consist of

1. Minimum capacity of tanks of 200 liters
2. Minimum capacity/capita of 15 liters/day
3. Maximum distance of tanks from farthest tent of 100 meters.

· Solid waste disposal containers in tent camps should be

1. Waterproof
2. Insect-proof and
3. Rodent-proof
4. The waste should be covered tightly with a plastic or metallic lid
5. The final disposal should be by incineration or by burial.

· The capacities of solid waste units should be, 1 litre/4-8 tents; or 50-100 liters/25-50 persons.

· Excreta and liquid waste should be disposed in bore-holed or deep trench latrines in tent camps. Specifications for these are:

1. 30-50 meters from tents
2. 1 seat provided/10 persons.
3. Modified soakage pits should be used for waste water by replacing layers of earth and small pebbles with layers of straw, grass or small twigs. The straw needs to be removed on a daily basis and burned.
4. Washing should take place with an ablution bench that is:

. 3 meters in length
. Double-sided
. 2/100 persons.

12.3.2 Buildings

Buildings used to accommodate victims during relief should provide the following:

1. Minimum floor area of 3.5 sq.meters/person
2. Minimum air space of 10 sq.meters/person
3. Minimum air circulation of 30 cubic meters/person/hour and
4. There should be separate washing blocks for men and women.
5. Washing facilities to be provided are:
· 1 hand basin/10 persons or
· 1 wash bench of 4-5 meters/100 persons and 1 shower head/50 persons in temperate climates
· 1 shower head/30 persons in hot climates.

6. Toilet accommodations in buildings housing displaced persons, should meet these requirements:

· 1 seat/25 women and
· 1 seat plus 1 urinal/35 men
· Maximum distance from building of 50 meters.

7. Refuse containers are to be plastic or metallic and should have closed lids. To be provided are:

· 1 container of 50-100 liters capacity/25-50 persons.

12.3.3 Preparedness Checklist for PWD
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

12.3.4 Checklist for Public Works Department
(to be filled in by OFFICER-IN-CHARGE and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

13. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR DOT

13.1 Planning Assumptions

· There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.

· Operating Procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restoration of communication lines.

13.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and your departmental offices within the division.

· All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER - Communication” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge - Communication” at the district level.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge - Communication” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge - Communication” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by the district collector

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipments, and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Ensure that all staff are aware of recommended precautions to protect life and personal property.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Inspect and repair all

. Radio masts
. Anchorages
. Foundations and cables
. Poles
. Overhead circuits.

· Upgrade outside equipment to withstand wind speeds and other adverse weather conditions.

· Designate at each exchange a member of staff (such as an inspector) as a disaster officer.

· He must live in the area, be instructed in the likely effects of a disaster, and should be knowledgeable about necessary precautions and post-disaster procedures.

· House all electrical and switching equipment in damage-proof buildings.

· Store batteries clear of areas likely to be affected.

· All storage batteries should be charged fully during an alert, for use in the post disaster period, when the electricity supply is not likely to be available.



· Establish an emergency tool kit at each exchange, including:

a. cable cutters
b. Cutting pliers
c. Spanners
d. Ropes
e. Ratchet tension
f. Crosscut saws
g. Pulley blocks with rope
h. Hand gloves

· Check emergency tool kits and assemble any additional equipment needed.

· Provide at least two tarpaulins in every building with radio equipment, teleprinter equipment, and manual and auto-exchanges.

· Install standby generators in all exchange buildings for the recharging of batteries.

· Secure all outside equipment to the extent possible.

· Arrange for the transport of additional vehicles for inspectors.

· Assemble equipment and emergency stocks of materials likely to be necessary for restoration of services.

· Arrange emergency standby cable for dispatch to the affected area immediately after the disaster.

· Remove fuses from the lines and disconnect the power supplies to equipment in disaster areas, if necessary.

13.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

Field priorities

· Give priority and concentrate on repairs and normalisation of communication in disaster areas.

· Identify the public services within the affected community for which communication links are most vital, and establish a temporary service, if feasible.

· Carry out an assessment of overall damage, listing specifically:

. Overhead route damage (in miles/kilometers).
. Cable damage (in yards/meters).
. Specific equipment damaged.

· Establish a temporary communication facility, wherever necessary through mobile exchanges, on priority for use by

. District control room
. Non-officials (MLAs, MPs, Mayors, and ZP Presidents)
. Transit, and relief camps
. Cattle camps
. Medical centres
. Site operations centre and
. Temporary establishment of all government and non-government agencies engaged in relief activities.

· Establish a temporary communication facility for use by the public

· Identify requirements, including:

. Manpower needed
. Vehicles needed
. Materials and equipments needed.

· Begin restoration by removing and salvaging wires and poles from the roadways through recruited casual labourers.

· Establish a secure storage area for incoming equipments and salvaged materials.

· Carry out temporary building repairs for new equipments.

· Report all activities to head office

Head Office priorities

· Dispatch standby technical work groups to the affected area, ensuring that they take with them adequate food, bedding, tents, and tools.

· Dispatch additional vehicles, emergency equipment, and stocks for restoration of the affected area.

· Provide authorisations needed by staff, to effectively carry out emergency reconstruction.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to DOT.

13.2.2 Preparedness Checklist for Telecommunications
(to be filled in by the department head and submitted to the district collector before May every year)

Reported By :
Designation
Signature
Date

14. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR RAILWAYS

14.1 Planning Assumptions

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures, clearly defined, in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Operating procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restoration of rail lines

· Ensuring smooth rail movement for passenger and relief materials.

14.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and your departmental offices within the division.

· Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER-Railways” at the state level.

· Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge -Railways” at the district level.

· The district collector to provide “Officer-in-Charge -Railways” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorisations with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipments and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· The “Officer-in-Charge -Railways” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by the district collector

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipments, and the post-disaster procedures to be followed.

· Officers should ensure that all staff are well aware of precautions to be taken to protect their own lives and personal property.

· Fill department vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.

· Plans should be finalised for sending auxiliary staff and repairmen into the affected areas to assist local staff.

· Maintenance and repairmen should be instructed to assemble and check repair equipments.

· Contingency plans should be established for providing food and emergency shelter for local staff, and for auxiliary staff being sent into the affected area.

· Rail schedules should be revised and special trains brought into the area to assist the increased volume of traffic.

· A schedule, for the departure of the last trains prior to the disaster, should be developed by station masters and posted.

· An evaluation of the number and location of sidings and passing places should be carried out, to ensure that an increased number of trains can operate in an emergency situation.

· Emergency train operating procedures, such as the pilot working system, should be developed. All staff should be well trained to implement the emergency systems.

· Within the emergency operating framework, emergency procedures should be developed to provide the stationmasters with authority, to dispatch or hold trains, and take other emergency decisions in a disaster threatening situation.

· Systems should be developed for increasing the ability to carry increased number of passengers in an emergency situation.

· If halting or termination of passenger trains is intended, arrangements for alternate means of transport and availability of adequate food supplies must be ensured.

· Arrange for transport to the affected area

. Tractor-shovel
. Tripper, and
. Auxiliary jeeps.

· All new construction and repair activities should be halted, and the work secured, as far as possible with sandbags, tarpaulins, etc.

· Polythene should be acquired for the protection of freight and equipments.

· All perishable and breakable items should be loaded into goods wagons and padlocked.

· For any coaches remaining in the area, shutters should be pulled down and doors closed.

· Reserve stocks of fuel should be checked.

· Inspection of all railroad bridges, by a bridge engineer including an underwater survey of foundations, piers and abutments. A full check on all concrete and steelworks should be included, and any repairs needed should be promptly carried out.

· Continuous regular weeding, cleaning of ditches and the burning and removal of debris should be carried out by the maintenance engineer's staff .

· Continuous inspection and repair by maintenance engineer of all

. Railroad track
. Ballasting,
. Cess damage
. Fish plates and
. Holding down bolts.

14.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

· Emergency repairs of rail lines, if affected, must be carried out.

· A system for priority transport of relief goods and personnel must be developed.

· Relief goods may be considered for exemption from freight charges.

· Railway stations, particularly terminal and junction stations, should be equipped with emergency communication equipments.

· Every work gang should have tools which will be needed in an emergency. This should include crosscut saws, axes and rope. Each district tree - cutters gang should have a chain saw.

· Raincoats, caps and gumboots should be made available to workgangs in an emergency.

The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to Railways.

15. OPERATING PROCEDURE GUIDELINES FOR AAI

15.1 Planning Assumptions

· For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures, clearly defined, in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.

· Operating Procedures for mobilising community participation during various stages of disaster management have been given in section on “Areas of Community Participation”. The department is required to study these and adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.

· Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff.

· To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Action Plan Objective in a Disaster Situation

· Restoration of runways

· Ensuring smooth transport of passengers and relief materials.

15.2 Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of District DMAP (DDMAP)

· Airport officials in the district should coordinate with the district collector with regard to specific requirements of the disaster situation.

· Establish radio communications with Emergency Operations Centre, divisional commissioner, district control room and with other airports with respect to disaster situation.

· The district collector will provide all needed authorisations and reimbursements with respect to

. Recruiting casual labourers.
. Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and materials.
. Expending funds for emergency needs.

· Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment, and the post-disaster procedures to be followed and also the capacity for storage of cargo, resulting from possible disasters.

· Review and update flight schedules, and take other measures, and review with staff the effects of the additional passenger/flight pressures, and handling of cargo, that may be required for relief and rehabilitation.

· Inspect

. Runways
. Drainage systems inside the airport perimeter
. Culverts
. Ditches
. Wind walls and
. Foundations.

· Inspect and repair all buildings, stores, hangars, fuel dumps, with special attention to the disaster consequences.

· Inspect the radio tower and communications equipments, including lightening rods.

· Remove all serviceable aircrafts from the disaster area.

· Unless the hangar has been certified to be safe, it may be safer to move remaining airplanes from the hangar to outside tie-downs.

· Securely anchor all unserviceable aircrafts to holding-down bolts, if safe hangar space is not available.

· Auxiliary equipments such as pumps, wagons, etc. should be moved indoors.

· All radio and weather instruments should be stored in a damage- proof room.

· Wind direction indicators should be removed.

· The amount of aviation fuel should be checked and auxiliary fuel stocks brought in.

· Contingency plans should be prepared for post-disaster use of the airport, including:

. Need for emergency control tower equipment.
. Need for emergency control tower staff.
. Need for emergency linemen for fueling.
. Emergency fuel supplies.
. Temporary storage facilities.

· The auxiliary electrical supply system, if available, should be checked.

· Large glass windows should be taped to prevent the shattering of glass.


15.2.1 Relief and Rehabilitation

· Provide priority clearance arrangements for relief supplies

· Provide priority travel facility to relief personnel.


The amount spent on disaster management in pursuance of these relief activities, after receipt of warning or disaster strike, will be submitted to the Relief Commissioner. The Relief Commissioner will book this expenditure under Budget Head ‘2245’ and reimburse the amount to AAI.

16. STANDARDS FOR RELIEF WORK, TRANSIT AND RELIEF CAMPS AND FEEDING CENTRES.

16.1 Standards for Food

16.1.1 For Marooned Persons

· A senior medical officer should accompany the rescue team along with required medical kit, and ensure priority of shifting seriously injured, or those requiring immediate medical attention. The procedure for tagging should be followed.

· Provision for both infants and adults must be included in the food supplies.

· Only non-perishable, ready to eat, and long-lasting food items should be included.

· Food must be packed in small packets for individual use.

· Drinking water should be packed in one litre bottles/plastic bags.

· Air-dropping should be done from minimum height with ropes and hooks to ensure that supplies reach the people with minimum damage.

· As far as possible, supplies should be dropped from stationary helicopters, and not when they are on the move.

· Use of boats should be preferred over helicopters, for supplies to marooned people.

16.1.2 Storage

· Keep food in the driest and coolest spot in the store - a dark area if possible.

· Keep food covered at all times.

· Wherever necessary, store food items in plastic bags and keep in tight containers to prevent from moisture.

· Open food boxes and cans carefully, so that they can be closed tightly after each use.

· Store packages susceptible to pests, like open packages of sugar, in screw-top jars or airtight cans.

· Store wheat, rice, dal and edible oil in sealed containers.

· Store powdered milk in packed cans for long term storage.

· Keep salt and spices air-tight in their original packages.

· Inspect all items daily, to make sure that the stocks are in good condition, and that there are no signs of degradation.

· Post guards at warehouses and supply depots, to prevent looting.

· Stimulate community action, to clear roads to warehouses and stores.

· Separate the damaged stocks from other stocks, to protect from odour and damage.

· Maintain food stock condition register, and report to appropriate authorities.

· Arrange for immediate disposal of all unusable food items.

· Maintain prompt transport schedules for delivery of perishable food stocks.

· Store kerosene and other combustible items, including pest control chemicals, in a separate room, away from food stores.

16.1.3 Cooking

· Food should be cooked using firewood, or a charcoal grill or kerosene stove, preferably outdoors.

· Canned foods should be heated in a different container and not in the supply can.

· Follow the checklists for feeding centres supplying cooked food, to ensure food sanitation.

16.1.4 Standard for assessment

Staff Required Number for
1000 persons 2000 persons
Cooks Food preparation 2 3
Assistants 4 6
Kitchen helpers 10 15
Servers Food distribution 6 10
Queue controllers 4 6
Hygiene (washing up/garbage disposal) 4 6
Total 30 46

16.2 Standards for Potable Water

· Warn people, of the hazard, of drinking contaminated water. Such sources should be identified and informed to the people.

· Sources located in the vicinity of sewage outfalls, chemical plants, solid waste disposal fields, abandoned mines, and other hazardous places should be considered suspect

· Malodorous, highly coloured, or highly polluted water should be avoided.

· Water suspected of contamination by human or chemical waste should not be used until it has undergone laboratory analysis.

· Wells which have been contaminated by disaster should be emptied immediately.

· It is important that all debris in the wells, such as leaves, sticks, silt and mud, etc. be removed after the water is pumped or dipped out.

· Topical chlorinated lime (TCL) or bleaching powder, should be added to all wells to avoid further contamination.

· The post-disaster emphasis for the provision of drinking water, should be on the restoration of local water sources, rather than on transporting water from outside the area.

16.2.1 Requirements

Minimum water requirements for drinking, cooking, and basic cleanliness are

(1) Field hospitals and first aid stations: 40-60 litres per person per day.
(2) Mass feeding centres: 20-30 litres per person per day.
(3) Temporary shelters and camps: 15-20 litres per person per day.
(4) During Evacuation - 6 litres per person per day.
[With no restrictions, use of water may approach 100 litres per person per day].

16.2.2 Storage

· Emergency storage of water can be improvised in plastic containers, with capacity up to 10 m3. Polyethylene containers erected in pits, dug to size, can provide upto 50 m3 storage capacity. If the purpose of storage is only to provide contact time after chlorination, the minimum capacity should be such as to secure contact for at least 30 minutes. The total storage capacity for water distribution should be equal to the amount required for 12-24 hours. Elevated tanks can be set up within a short, time by using drums, iron sheeting, or asbestos-cement tanks. Wooden poles, timber, or iron tubing can be used for the supports. In many countries, elevated storage tanks are manufactured, in standard sizes with all parts prefabricated. They can be transported and erected rapidly.

· In long-term relief camps, all reservoirs should be covered, primarily, for protection from sunlight and consequent growth of algae, which produce tastes in water, and secondarily; for protection from birds, insects, and dust. The roof may be made of asbestos-cement sheets or corrugated iron sheets. An overflow pipe should be provided, care being taken that the overflow water should not endanger the foundations. The inlet pipe will normally discharge at the top of the reservoir and be fitted with a float valve. The outlet pipe should be about 5 cm above the bottom of the tank. A small drain pipe should be installed flush with the bottom of the tank, and a manhole on the roof is necessary to permit cleaning, inspection and repair. The openings of vent pipes should be screened to keep out insects and small birds.

16.2.3 Distribution

· In most disasters, water is distributed from tankers, which may be provided by fire brigades, the army, dairies, beverage plants, or other sources. Each family may be issued with a water container, made of plastic or galvanized iron. A tanker with a storage tank (or tanks) at the site should be able to provide water for 1000 persons. Environmental health workers are responsible for seeing that the tankers are filled from acceptable sources in a hygienic manner and chlorinated under their supervision.

· If there is a municipal distribution system within reasonable distance, it may be possible to extend this to a temporary camp, by means of light and quick-coupling steel or plastic pipes. In long-term camps, distribution pipes may be laid to feed water points.

· Water points usually have two or more taps, and one tap should be provided for every 100 persons. No shelter should be more than 100 m away from a water point.

16.3 Standards for Feeding Centres

· The location and layout of field centres for mass feeding should be selected and arranged in consultation with sanitation officers.

· Only potable water may be used in feeding premises. Where there is no piped supply, water must be transported, stored, and handled in a sanitary manner.

· Sufficient number of basins, each with soap, nail brush and a clean towel, must be provided exclusively for the use of food handlers.

· Separate washing place must be provided for washing all sorts of eating and cooking utensils.

· Before washing, any grease or food scraps on the utensils should be scraped into a refuse bin.

· Washed utensils should be disinfected by immersing in boiling water for 5 minutes.

· An alternative method of disinfecting washed utensils is, to immerse them in a sterilizing solution, preferably hot, of either chlorine (100 mg/litre for 30 seconds) or quaternary ammonium compounds (200 mg/litre for 2 min).

· Wiping the utensils dry is unnecessary and undesirable.

· The baskets or trays being laid down for drying utensils must be in a dust-free place.

· Arrangements should be provided for washing all fruits and vegetables before cooking. The serving of raw vegetables and soft-skinned fruits should be forbidden.

· In special diet cases the vegetables and fruits must be thoroughly washed, immersed in a chlorine solution (100 mg/litre for 3 min), and rinsed until the smell of chlorine disappears.

· Sanitation facility for the staff should be provided close to the mass feeding centre with adequate standards.

· Liquid wastes from kitchens should be disposed of by sanitary methods, such as a soakage pit or covered cesspool. A strainer must always be provided and properly maintained to prevent choking.

· Solid wastes from kitchens must be deposited immediately in garbage bins. No filled bins should remain in preparation and cooking areas, without being tightly covered, and should be removed outside for collection and disposal, after every cooking session.

· Basins, tables, chopping blocks, and all other furniture and equipments must be kept as clean as possible when in use, and thoroughly cleaned after each meal.
· Only food that is to be used the same day may be kept in the kitchen. Food not in the process of preparation or cooking, or which has already been prepared, must be kept in fly-proof containers.

· Where refrigeration facilities are non-existent or inadequate, perishable foods should be bought on a daily basis and cooked and served as soon as possible.

· No non-vegetarian food should be made available through feeding centres.

· Supplies of powdered milk, biscuits and other food items for infants must be arranged.

· Left-over food shouldn’t be used/served for next meal.

· Condensed or powdered milk must be reconstituted with potable water only, and under the best possible sanitary conditions. If natural milk is available for infants and hospital patients, it must be boiled before use.

· An adequate supply of detergents, disinfectants, brushes, cloths, brooms, and other housekeeping necessities must be provided to kitchen staff.

· Disposable (bio-degradable) plates, cups, etc. may be used in mass feeding centres and especially when disaster victims are on the march.

· Common drinking cups must not be tolerated.


16.4 Standards for Environmental Health Measures

16.4.1 During Search, Rescue and Evacuation

· There are very few sanitary measures that can be taken while people are being moved to transit or relief camps, and the journey should therefore be as short as possible. They should be told to take along as much food, water, and clothing as they will need.

· The relief or welfare authorities should be advised that, during this transitional period, only unperishable foods which do not require cooking should be distributed.

· It is very difficult to ensure sanitary excreta disposal while people are on the march, and not much can be done about refuse collection.

· At rest points, however, sanitation squads should bury excreta and solid wastes in holes or trenches at least 60 cm deep. After use, the hole or trench should be filled in with the excavated earth and trampled on.

· It may also be necessary to control body vermin by the application of insecticides.

16.4.2 Solid Waste disposal in the camps or in affected villages

16.4.2.1 Excreta disposal

Unsatisfactory disposal of excreta is common immediately after natural disasters. The measures applicable depend on the nature of the existing facilities.

1. Cities and towns with sewerage systems

· When a disaster occurs, sewerage and sewage treatment installations in cities and towns may be put out of service.

· Generally, any repairs made to sewer lines during the emergency should be of a permanent nature. However, temporary repairs may be necessary where a sewer line or manhole must be replaced quickly, to restore traffic on a main street. Asbestos-cement pipes, wooden conduits or some other type of quick-coupling pipes should be used to expedite emergency repairs.

2. Temporary shelters and camps

Depending on the time that temporary shelters or camps are expected to be in use, excreta disposal installations of different types, and varying service life, must be provided. The area must be adequately lighted and the approach road clearly demarcated. The most suitable types are:

(a) Shallow trench latrines
(b) Deep-trench latrines
(c) Pit privies
(d) Borehole latrines
(e) Aqua (or septic) privies
(f) Urinals; and
(g) Mobile latrines.

As far as possible people must be discouraged from open defecation.


16.4.2.2 Community Latrines

· Attempts should be made to provide communal latrines with water, so that cleaning is practicable.

· Five seats should be provided for every 100 persons, in separate blocks for men and women.

· Latrines should be located downhill from any water source, and at least 15 m away from it.

· Where the groundwater is used for drinking or other purposes, the bottom of the latrine should be at least 1.5 m above the ground-water table. In the presence of limestone formations and fissured rocks, additional precautions are necessary to protect sources of water supply.

· The site should be dry, well drained, and above flood level; the immediate surroundings of latrines should be cleared of all vegetation, wastes and debris.

Various types of excreta disposal installation are described briefly below:

16.4.2.3 Shallow trench latrine

· This is simply a trench dug with ordinary tools (picks and shovels). The trench is 30 cm wide and 90 -150 cm deep.

· Its length depends on the number of users: 3-3.5 m are necessary for every 100 people.

· Separate trenches should be provided for men and women.

· The earth from the trench should be piled up at the side. Shovels should be left at the site, and people should be instructed to cover faeces with earth each time they use the latrine. However, these instructions may not be carried out, and it will be necessary for the sanitation squad to complete the work, twice a day, to keep the fly population and odour under control.

· It may be necessary to place lumber or boards along the sides of the trench, to provide for footing and to prevent the walls from caving in.

· Privacy may be secured by the use of brush, canvas, wood, or sheet-metal fencing.

· Water should be provided.

· The shallow trench is a rudimentary arrangement for a short period (up to one week). When the trench is filled to 30 cm below ground level, it must be covered with earth, heaped above ground level and compacted. If necessary, a new trench must be dug. Before a trench is abandoned, sanitation personnel should see that it is properly filled in.

16.4.2.4 Deep trench latrine

· This type of latrine is intended for camps of longer duration, from a few weeks to a few months.

· The trench is 1.8-2.5 m deep and 75-90 cm wide. The top of the trench is covered by a fly-proof floor.

· A squatting hole is provided.

· A superstructure is built for privacy and protection.

· Other requirements are the same as for shallow trenches.

16.4.2.5 Bore-hole latrine

· In estuaries and places where the subsoil does not contain rock, this type of latrine offers a fast solution for excreta disposal in disasters.

· Mass production of concrete slabs for the latrine floor may be undertaken on the site.

16.4.2.6 Aqua (or septic) privy

· This type of privy consists essentially of a watertight tank (filled with water) in which excreta are discharged, stored and digested.

· It has been used with success in some long-term camps as a communal latrine.

· Aqua privies take rather a long time to construct, and are not recommended during disasters, except, perhaps, for field hospitals, first-aid stations, and mass feeding centres.

16.4.2.7 Urinals

· These may be provided in communal blocks of latrines for men to reduce the number of seats needed.

· One urinal space for 25 males is recommended.

· Odour from urinals can be kept under control by applying chlorine solution.

16.4.2.8 Mobile latrines

· Mobile latrines are tanks mounted on a truck or a rail wagon; they are used in post-disaster situations.

· They are necessary in disaster areas where the ground-water table is high.

· Sanitation personnel are responsible for supervising the proper disposal of the tank contents and the washing, and disinfection of tanks after each emptying.

16.4.3 Miscellaneous installations

In temporary shelters and camps, communal facilities for maintaining personal cleanliness should be provided. These may include showers, washrooms, laundries, and disinfestation and disinfection rooms. They will help to prevent skin diseases and infestations, that lead to vector-borne diseases. Disinfection rooms are necessary for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Proper operation and maintenance of these services depend on constant supervision by sanitation personnel.

16.4.3.1 Baths and showers

· One bath should be provided for every 100 persons.

· Over-all consumption of water for bathing should be calculated on the basis of 30-35 litres per person per week.

· For both hygienic and economic reasons, proper arrangements should be made for the disposal of waste water from baths.

· People should be discouraged from using ponds, and stagnated water for baths for both sanitary and safety reasons.

16.4.3.2 Laundries

· In temporary encampments people may be expected to wash their clothes in plastic or iron tubs.

· One washing stand for every 100 persons is recommended.

· Proper drainage and soap traps should be provided for the waste water.

16.4.3.3 Disinfection and disinfestation

· Methods used in disinfection and disinfestation involve the use of chemical agents such as sulfur dioxide, phenol, and carbolic acid. Some of these agents are dangerous, and should only be used under expert supervision.

16.4.3.4 Waste disposal

Waste disposal should be in a shallow, all purpose trench of the following dimensions:

· 10 centimeters deep X 45 centimeters wide X 3 meters long/1000 persons.



16.5 Facilities for Relief Workers

16.5.1 Sleeping and cooking equipments for a team of 5 relief workers

Tent :- 1
Blankets :- 5
Camp beds :- 5
Bed sheets :- 5
Sleeping bags :- 5
Pillows with spare covers :- 5
Kerosene or gas stove :- 1
Kerosene lantern :- 1
Flashlights (with spare batteries) :- 5
Rubber boots :- 5 pairs
Felt-covered water bottles :- 5
Cooking utensils (assorted) :- 1 set
Eating utensils (assorted) :- 1 set
Detergents, soap, water disinfecting tablets, etc. :- As required
Bath unit :- 1
Water containers (plastic or metal), capacity 10-20 litres :- 2
Kerosene containers (plastic or metal), capacity 10-20 litres :- 2
Camp chairs :- 5
Camp tables :- 2

16.6 Checklists for Transit Camps, Relief camps and Feeding Centres.


16.6.1 Checklist for each Transit Camp
(to be inspected by Camp Officer and sent to SOC)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date


16.6.2 Checklist for Feeding Centre
(to be filled in by site manager, SOC and submitted to district control room and the department head)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date


16.6.3 Checklist for Relief Camps and transit camps of more than three days duration
(to be inspected by camp officer and sent to SOC)

Inspected By :
Designation
Signature
Date

1. INFORMATION AND MONITORING TOOLS

The institutional framework and the response structure would not be effective unless it is operationalised through information tools and monitoring mechanisms. Such tools define the direction and the content of information as also the source. The flow of information brings in the dimension of accountability and the source provides the authenticity.

It is in this context that this section presents information and monitoring tools for agencies during three main stages of the disaster cycle viz., pre-disaster, during disaster and post disaster.

· The pre-disaster stage includes activities related to preparedness, warning and evacuation
· The during disaster stage encompasses activities related to Activation of the plan and evacuation
· The post-disaster stage includes damage assessment, relief and recovery, and providing feedback for preparedness for a disaster, thereby completing the cycle.

It must be noted at this stage that these stages are fairly amorphous and many times may occur simultaneously. Disaster detection, information gathering and action decisions are the first steps in responding to a disaster. All these steps may occur over a short or protracted time period depending on the circumstances and magnitude of the disaster. The plan identifies the responsibility of the personnel having local level authority to evaluate the situation, assess the magnitude of the problem and activate DDMAP.

2. PREPAREDNESS FORMATS

The district control room will receive reports on preparedness from the relevant district level departments and other departments, as given in the Operating Procedure Guidelines for the Departments. The Collector will also forward Flood Preparedness Measures Format 1 to the Relief commissioner and Divisional Commissioner.

Format 1: Preparedness Status Checklist for floods

The checklist to be completed and sent to Relief Commissioner by every district collector two weeks before the onset of monsoon every year.

[With respect to floods, a regular mechanism to inform on the preparedness status to SCR is expected. The checklist given below can be used on a regular basis for reporting the preparedness and the same can also be used on the receipt of warning to monitor the administrative preparedness].

Inspected By :
Date :
Signature :

3. ALERT / WARNING FORMATS

The existing warning system with respect to cyclones and floods has been sufficiently standardised. The format for cyclone warning and a sample warning for cyclone over land is given here for ready reference.


Format 2: CYCLONE WARNING BULLETIN

Severe Cyclone Warning bulletin No.1 issued by Area Cyclone Warning Centre, Bombay at 1330 hours IST of 5th Nov.AAA Severe Cyclone Warning for Goa, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigad districts AAA Severe cyclone located within half a degree of Latitude Eleven decimal zero north and Longitude Seventy decimal zero degree east about 450 kilometers Southwest (Direction) of Goa at 0830 hrs IST AAA Likely intensify further and move in Northeast direction and expected to strike coast near between Goa and Ratnagiri by Monday the 6th November evening AAA G ales reaching 150 kilometers per hour uprooting trees, damaging pucca houses and disrupting communications likely Goa Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg Raigad districts from Saturday 5th November night. Widespread rain with scattered heavy to very heavy falls likely commence in Goa, Ratnagiri districts from Saturday 6th November early morning. Tidal waves 2.0 meters above normal tide likely inundate coastal areas of Goa , Ratnagiri districts while issuing coast.

Format 3: SAMPLE MESSAGES FOR CYCLONES OVER LAND

SPECIAL WARNING FOR CYCLONE OVER LAND AREA MESSAGE NO. AAA ISSUED BY _____________ AT ________________HRS AAA CYCLONIC STORM LIES CENTRE AT HRS ________________ (DATE) LAT/LONG ___________ KM DIRECTION (KNOWN STATION) AAA LIKELY INTENSIFY/WEAKEN/REMAIN UNCHANGED AND MOVE _____________ DIRECTION AAA IN ASSOCIATION WITH ABOVE SYSTEM STRONG WINDS FROM _______________(DIRECTION) SPEED REACHING __________ KM,/HOUR LIKELY AFFECT ___________ DISTRICTS COMMENCING FROM TIME __________ DATE AAA HEAVY/VERY HEAVY RAIN LIKELY ______________ DISTRICTS COMMENCING FROM ____________TIME DATE AAA DAMAGE LIKELY TO BE CAUSED DUE TO STRONG WINDS AND HEAVY RAIN FALL MAY BE MENTIONED DISTRICTWISE.

4. PRELIMINARY REPORTS

The Collector will send the Preliminary Report and Action Taken Report within 48 hours of the event to the Chief Secretary/Relief Commissioner and Emergency Operations Centre with a copy marked to the Divisional Commissioner. After that daily reports on the losses and relief activities will be given.


Format 4 : Preliminary Report On The Disaster
To Be Sent By The Collector or RDC Immediately On The Receipt Of Report Of The Occurrence Of The Disaster Event to Emergency Operations Centre and Divisional Commissioner

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

Format 5: Actions Taken Report On The Disaster
To Be Sent By The Collector or RDC Immediately On The Receipt Of Report Of The Occurrence Of The Disaster Event to Emergency Operations Centre and Divisional Commissioner

Name :
Designation :
Date :
Signature :

Format 6: Daily Report to be sent by Collector to EOC

Format 7: Daily Resource Requirement Pro forma for relief
(for items to be procured through EOC)

Name of the District : ___________ Nature of Disaster : ____________

Name :
Designation :
Date : Signature :

5. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

Formats for reporting on various losses such as loss of life, injuries, property, livestock, crops and plantations, have been evolved to monitor on a day to day basis the impact of the disaster.

Effort has also been made to capture the damage done to infrastructure. It is assumed that all these information would give a fairly good account of not just the losses but the requirements for relief and recovery as also the compensation.

Damage Assessment Reports will be submitted after the relief activities are over.

Format 8: Report on Details on loss of life and injuries
in Village/Town _________
due to disaster ___________